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  • A handheld device showing CCT images, as used in the ECR Retail Loss Report - Retail Crime Risk Models The Foundation of Intelligence-led Retail Crime Control

    Research paper

    Retail Crime Risk Models: The Foundation of Intelligence-led Retail Crime Control

    Focus area: Retail loss, safety and security

    Foreword Across the globe, many retailers are experiencing rising and increasingly complex forms of criminal activity. At the same time, stores and supply chains are becoming more technologically enabled and

  • Grocery store employee scanning products with digital tablet for inventory. Young multiethnic woman focusing on inventory check in supermarket aisle. Female mixed race worker reviewing stock details while standing near food jars.

    Research paper

    Smart Inventory Record Inaccuracy (IRI) Prediction and Management

    Focus area: Inventory accuracy

    Foreword Our previous reports have called out the scale and nature of the problem of wrong inventory records. In this new report, we aimed to go further by asking a

  • A row of self-checkouts in a supermarket to illustrate self-checkout losses

    Research paper

    Self-checkout loss report 2026

    Focus area: Self-checkout

    Foreword We have been studying self-checkouts for over a decade. Our research in 2018, was the first published data on the scale and nature of losses retailers can expect, based

  • Research paper

    Inventory accuracy as a capability: building maturity and customer value

    Focus area: Inventory accuracy

    Foreword: How to Reduce Inventory Inaccuracy Retailers make substantial investments in forecasting and replenishment systems; nevertheless, our research consistently indicates that over sixty percent of inventory records contain inaccuracies. This

  • Research paper

    Defining and assessing inventory record inaccuracy (IRI) metrics

    Focus area: Inventory accuracy

    Foreword In retail, over 60% of inventory records in any one store have been found to be wrong, and when they are corrected and “trued up”, sales can grow by

  • Research paper

    Designs Against Shoplifting Via Sustainable Packaging and Displays

    Focus area: Retail loss, safety and security

    ECR Foreword and Acknowledgements Design against shoplifting is growing into a big business. To protect their profits, retailers spend billions on technologies, fixtures and packaging to deter those that might

  • A tablet with the word 'returns' on it to show the difficulties of dealing with return fraud and abuse

    Research paper

    Returns Fraud and Abuse: Diagnosing the Problem, Targeting the Response

    Focus area: E-commerce loss | Retail loss, safety and security

    Return fraud and abuse isn’t one problem — it’s two. This research separates opportunistic misuse from deliberate deception, then maps the tactics spreading online. It closes with practical guidance on governance, joined-up data and frontline checks that slow repeat offenders without punishing honest customers in the process.

  • Research paper

    The 98%’: Strategic Marketing to Reduce Internal Theft in Retail

    Focus area: Retail loss, safety and security

    Internal theft is a major driver of unknown loss, yet most cases go undetected. This report explains the “98% problem” and shows how internal communications can shift behaviour at scale. It summarises evidence from retailer trials (including shrink reductions) and shares five winning campaign concepts and poster approaches developed with Loughborough Business School to help dissuade theft and collusion without damaging workplace culture.

  • Research paper

    Exploring the true cost of unsold food in retail

    Focus area: Food waste

    Foreword Food waste reduction is a priority for all food retailers, in all parts of the world. This study was commissioned to bring new insights as to the cost of

  • FareShare image

    Research paper

    Scaling QR Codes with Embedded Date Codes in Retail

    Focus area: Food waste

    Foreword What you cannot see, you cannot manage. Today, retailers have very limited visibility to the age of the inventory in their supply chain or perhaps most critically, on the

  • Research paper

    Food Surplus Management Maturity Model: How to Exit Surplus Food from Stores

    Focus area: Food waste

    A Food Surplus Management Maturity Model in Retail: Where is Your Business? Our food surplus management in retail research discovered varying levels of maturity across the different areas we explored in

  • full trolly showing food waste

    Research paper

    Food Surplus Management in Retailing: A Global Perspective

    Focus area: Food waste

    Foreword Food waste reduction is a priority for retailers, in all parts of the world. This global study on food surplus management in retail was commissioned to bring new insights

  • Research paper

    Most at-Risk Stores: How to Engage Others in a Cross-Function Risk Mitigation Strategy

    Focus area: Retail loss, safety and security

    Foreword Elevated criminal risks in and around bricks and mortar stores can make it difficult to operate safely and profitably in some locations. The report, Fortress Stores: Keeping the Most

  • Research paper

    Measuring Retail Shrink

    Focus area: Retail loss, safety and security

    Towards a shrinking KPI Retail shrinkage is the difference between the stock a retailer expects to have and what they actually have when they count it. It is one of

  • in store camera screen

    Research paper

    The Utilisation of Video Analytics in Retail: A Survey of Retailers (2024 Edition)

    Focus area: Video in retail

    Foreword This is ECR Retail Loss’ second report on video analytics in retail  focussed upon the extent to which retailers have deployed or are thinking about using a range of